Pressure gauge



5, 1950 D. c. GREEN 2,518,540

PRESSURE GAUGE Filed Sept. 21. 1945 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 1% 7. VENTOR.

papa/d c a e/7 BY s?! TTO D.C.GREEN PRESSURE GAUGE Aug. 15, 1950 3Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Sept. 21. 1945 3 v w I f v/ 7 E %Q m W wfl w M a IAw L 0 m. a

ZJ Y D. C. GREEN PRESSURE GAUGE Aug. 15, 1950 S Sheets-Sheet 3 FiledSept. 21, 1945 lw l l \II Ill INVENTOR. 00/40/4/ Grfen ,This leakage hasheretofore, been hnavoidable and ,is such; a common characteris tic of.prior hig'hkpr'essure gages, that an outlet fromrthestructure for.theleaking liquid and a {pipe to carry it offzisacommon structuralfeature.

In high-pressure, liquid gages of this class rapid changes or-ifluctuations of the pressur" Patented Aug. 15, 1950 UNITED STATES PATENTOFFICE .PRESSURE; GAUGE Donald C. Green',R.ussell, Ohio ApplicationSeptember 21, 1945, Serial No. 617,727

i This invention relates-to instruments for indicating fluid pressure.

The inventionis particularly applicable to embodiment in a pressure gagefor indicating variable liquid pressures ofhigh value and will bedescribed herein as applied to that use.

The pressure gage to be described herein com- .it is -the primary objectof the inventionto overent osition it takes up, as indicated on a scalecalibrated in'pressure, indicating the pressure of the liquid.

- 1hose skilledin this artdwill :recognize this general principle as.old and wellknown; and,'in

some forms, commercialized; but there are constructional features aboutprior pressure gages of this class, and defectsin their-modes ofoperation, because of which they are not entirely tendency for highpressure liquid to leak around the piston has not been overcome withoutthe .fconcurrent disadvantage of great friction by' pressure packingbetween the piston and cylinder; andthis introduces inaccuracies andvariableness in thepressure indications;

cause violent vibratory movements of the scale 7 finger orin'dicator;and accurate readings of the pressure on the gage scale are notpossible, in

such circumstances; and the prior means to damp, the movement of thescale finger have notbeen'" satisfactory; f

Still another a results from the fact thatth'e spring, opposing thepressure-eifectedl piston movement, mustbe a powerful spring usuallyofthe 'compressibleheli caltype because of the high pressures encounderthe piston movement irregular and the gage reading inaccurate; and thisdefect has not been satisfactorily ,overcome in prior structures. Withthese and otherdefects of prior gages in considered.

come these defects.

.Another object is to provide in a gage of the class referred to, animproved means for damping out tendencies of thepiston to move withvibratory I movement when subject to pulsations of liquid pressureaAnother object is to provide a liquid pressure gage of the classreferred to having an improved construction. of piston, and seal for thesame, while reciprocating in the cylinder, in one direction by theappliedliquid pressure to be measured and in the other direction by apiston movement opposing spring. r

Another object is to provide improved means, in a gage of the classreferred to, for transmitting movement of the piston to the opposingspring; and 'to the pressure indicating finger.

Another object is to provide a seal for a fluid v operated reciprocatingpiston, constructed to constrictingly grip the piston and seal it with aconstricting sealing force proportional to the fluid pressure. a Otherobjects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art from a reading of the following description of theinvention taken in connection with the accompanying drawing in which:

'Fig. 1 is a front elevational view ofa liquid pressure indicating gageembodying my invention the view being approximately full scale;

Fig. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view to enview may be considered astaken from the plane I i v and is also referred to. the plane 2-l-2ofFig.3; V

Fig. 3 is a cross sectional view taken from the plane 33 of Fig. 2; a I

Fig. 4 is a fragmentary view similar to a part of Fig. 2 but taken fromthe plane 4 of Fig.3;

defect of prior gages of this class i Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 2with operative parts thereof in different positions, the view beingtaken from the plane 5-5 of Fig. 3;

Fig.6 is a fragmentary sectional view taken a from the plane 6-45 ofFig. 2

Fig. 7 is a'front elevational view taken in the direction of the arrow 1of Fig. 3 illustrating a scale indicating-pointer which I prefer to empFig. 8 is an elevational view taken from the left hand side of Fig.7;

Fig. 9 is a longitudinal sectional view somewhat similar to Fig. 2 butillustrating a modification, and drawn approximately full scale; 7

Fig. is a view of the parts of Fig. 9 with certain operative parts indifferent positions;

Fig. 11 is a sectional view taken from the plane Hll of Fig. 9;

Fig. 12 is a fragmentary sectional view taken from the plane l2l2 ofFig. 9;

Referring to the drawing, and to that embodiment of my inventionillustrated in Figs. 1 to 8 inclusive,,Lhaveillustrated at l a mainhousing, preferably fornredirom a bar of metal "of hexagonal ci'osssection. A bore 2 Fig. 2, is provided longitudinally of the housing, andof cylindrical form, the outer end of the bore being internally threadedas at 3; the lower end of the bore as viewed in Fig. 2 being of reduceddiameter and threaded as at 4.

Into the upper end of thefboreisscrew threaded a cup form closure 5, tofunction also as an abutment for a spring 6 in the bore to be referredto; and the closure 5 'may be screw threaded in '-'or out-of the bore adjustably to adjust the ten- "'sion er the'springz and at any adjustedposition may be fixed or locked by a nut l on the threads ofthe'closureand drawn'tig ht against the upper *end of the-hous'ing I v Atubular cyliiider dis provided in the bore 2,

' coaxially thereofjandit'is preferably formed by turning down ahexagonal bar, the normal size 1 eewm ms indicatedat 9*where apart ofthe bar 'fiS-IeIt -unturned and asa 'head 9. Immediately "alcove thehead "9 is a threaded portion "IE1, and i inwardly -df'that isthetubular-cyli-nder' B. The j threadedportion til is screwed into thethreads 4 "'fl't'o -tightlyengage the 'h'ea'd't with the lower 'end ofthe, housing 1 to rigidly mount the cylinder 8 fin the bore.

"The"tubularcylinder 8 "has a co-axial cylintlrical,-cylizrder borelltherein, open at both ends of the tubular cylinder 8.

Below the head 9, isan integral extension [2,

' having:pipethreadsthereon, on which a conduit f or pipe [3 maybe"screwed, injwhic'h pipe is the liquid'wh'ose'pressure is to beindicated; and by the construction described, this pressure is com--munic'ated tov the :lower end of the cylinder Apis't'on l fisjdisposedfin the cylinder bore ll, 'reciprocabletherein,with ampleclearance as indicated at [5. The piston 'l li ipreferably madef'from'laround ro'd. At its lower end, the'piston "hasathreaded 'boreextending axially thereinto,

and'as'crew lfiis screwed'into the. bore. "The piston itlha's' a.clearancefit as at [5 withfthecylin- Ldrbore. Ihelhead 11, alsoperforms a damping or'dash pot action which will 'be described later. Atthe upperend of the. tubular cylinder 8 the cylinder here, =|.!jisenlarged tol provide a recess 'or' clearance space .l18 and the outsidediameter -of the tubular cylinder "8 is turned down as at 19; thereby.providing an annular end'to the tubular cylinder of relatively thinradial section.

' sleeve 20, the outer diameter of which is approximately that. of thetubular cylinder 8, has 'its'inner wall telescopedifover thereduced-diameter portion IQ of the cylindersubsta'ntially fitting thsame and atits upper'part, the inner'iwall of thesl'eeve Zfijhasafreeclearance fit around the piston 14 and at "its 'intermediate'part theinner asiasio wall of the sleeve 20 is conical as at 23, and spacedaxially from the end of the cylinder 8, whereby a continuation of theclearance space [8 is provided. As will be apparent in Fig. 2 thisconstruction provides a shoulder 24 on the tubular cylinder 8 againstwhich the lower end of the sleeve 29 abuts to position it.

In the annular pocket-like clearance space thus .pravidedacircular ring25, otirubberor .like compressible'materi'al, circular Einrradialcrosssection, is placed, and trapped between the conical suriace 23, and theannular end of the cylinder 8. 'The ring 25 is of such internal diameterthat it grips the rod-like piston I4 therewithin; and the radial-sectionof the ring is of such size, that it atall times engages the walls ofthe pocket in which it is trapped, and is at all times under at leastsome degree of compression, so that its radial section is at all timesat least somewhat distorted out of circular form.

This ring"as'=d'escribed therefore, provides a liquid seal between therodli-k'e piston M and the "cylinder 'b'ore i l whereby-liquid-,=whiehma-y seep --past-the-"-head H at the lower end 'of thepiston, is trapped in the clearance "space -'l-5 and cannot passupwardlyj'beyond-thering 2'5 during-reciprocations of the "piston M tobe described.

"The"sleeve ""211" -is-- permanently secured 'to the upperend-efthetu-bula'rcylinder 8, preferabl by t'press *frtting i-t-over the endof-"the cylinder as described; "but "if preferred it may *be secured"thereomby brazing 'orthe like.

i A head 26 is secured upon the upper 'end'of the :piston. This, head ispreferably-hexagonal in external contour,"and-therefore is preferablymade from "a bar of' hexagonal stock, for 'a purpose to be-described.-Ascrewj21is threaded into the upper 'endof-the piston; "and the-end'o'fthe piston is-seated tin abore or-recess 28 in the head '26; and whenthe screw 21 is screwed-in and pulled up tight, the head '29 of'th'escrew secures the head 26 "on the end of the'piston', and the head 2 6-therefore travels longitudinally with movement o'f the pistonysee-Fig.5;

The head 26 has associated therewith, or con- "necte'dtheretda pluralitysuch'as .threeyhangers i'fll'dependingfrom "the head and'ly'ing alongthe outside'o'f *the tubular cylinder 8, but "as shown in Figs. 2 and 5,not "in 'contacttherewith.

Ih'ese hangers'arepreferably made from strips 'ofmetail. Tosecure themto the head 26, their I upper'en'ds'are bent as-ait'fi-linwardly so asto lie on toppf' the'headifi; "acover cap 32"having a dependingperipheraledge "'33, 'islaid on top of "the bent ends 3 1-, with-theperipheral edge circum- "scribing theupperends'of the hangers; and thescrew? T'is projected through a central perforation 'in' the cap 32'.When the screw is drawn downiti'ght as described, the head 2'9 -of thescrew engagesthe' upper side of the cap "32-," and the bent ends "3! ofthe hangers are clamped between the .capv 32 and the head 26, andtrapped within fthe 'qdependingf'edge "33, and thereby rigidlysecrned-at'their upper ends to the head 26.

' .As'"shownin l igfd, the sheet-metal hangers 30 at their*upperportionslie against the 'flat faces ofthe hexagonal head 26so-that when their upper ends are trappedby the cap as 'described, they"are. prevented from shifting circumferentially 7 0 around the axis ofthe 'device; whichjconveniently distributes them approximatelydegrees"apart frcmeach otheraround the axis.

movabletherewithpwhen the head ZG is moved by nular clearance spacearound the'cylinder.

the piston The spring'seat 341s preferably made in the form of a washer,from a piece of hexagonal'bar stock, the diagonal dimensionof whichcorresponds to the diameter of the bore 2'; and as shown in Fig. 3 thesix corners thereof are rounded 'off as at 35, wherebythe seat34 mayslide'axially "downwardly through the perforations 36, see Figs.

2 and 4 and bent outwardly-under the seat 34 and then upwardlyapproximately parallel with the axis of the bore in riser portions 31.By this means the seat 34is carried by'the hangers, and

inasmuch as the seat itself is guided by the'bore 2, the hangers aremaintained out of contact with the cylinder 8. V

The abovementioned spring 6 extends downwardly through the bore 2 and atits lower end rests upon the 'spring seat 34.

In the operation of the parts thus far described it will be apparentthat fluid pressure in the conduit communicated to the lower end of thepiston 24 will raise it and thehead 26, the parts when. in one-positionafter this movement being showing in Fig. 'The hangers 3O carry thespring seat 34 upwardl with them and with the piston, against thetension of the spring 6, the lower end of which is raised thereby. Thelower end of the spring 6 is trappeclbetween the radially inner portionsof the hangers 3i) and the radially engagement with adjacent parts asthe piston moves. The riserportions 31 of one of the hangers, as shownin Fig. 2, has-connected thereto a scale pointer 38, cooperating with ascale 39, see

ion the outside of the housing I, calibrated in liquid pressure.

To this end, a longitudinal-slot 4B is provided in the side wall of thehousing 4,111 which the pointer with one of the light colored or brightscale lines 45 and read the indicated pressure at a distance. When theparts are in the condition'of Fig. 5, and the lower end of the piston istherefore sub jected to-pressure, there are instances in use in whichthe-pressure fluctuates violently. In the absence of other provisions,this would cause the piston I 4 to vibrate longitudinally, andaccordingly vibrate the scale pointer 38 and makeit difficult to readthe pressure on the scale 39. In the construction illustrated and abovedescribed, whenever there is a sudden change in pressure under the lowerend of the piston, tend- 58 reciprocates. A sheet metal plate, see Figs.

3 and l, is secured on the slotted side of the housing by screws 42,and'has a slot 43 therein,

- communicating with the slot 46, and has the aforesaid scale 39thereon. In its preferred form the pointer 38 is a block of materialsuch as metal, see Figs. 3, 7 and 8, substantially filling,transversely, the housingslot 40;"and in its forward face has a deeptransverse groove 44, aligned transversely with the indication marks orlines efthescale 39. a

of approximately the same width as these lines;

and the edge portions of the block as at 46-46 above and below the slotare likewise painted with a bright colored paint, luminous paint, or

the like, and between which is the slot 44 of the pointer, which, beingunpainted and in shadow; appears dark to the eye. 1

With this construction, it will readily be apparent, from Fig. 1 forexample, that as the pointer 38 moves upwardly, the eye of the observercan readily 'readthe alignment of the dark slot 44;

ing to move it upwardly or downwardly, the head I! on the lower end ofthe piston which substantially fits the cylinder bore i i acts as adash-pot drop of the main pressure, an excessively lowpressure iscreated in the clearance space i5 and the liquid must seep upwardlyaround the head W. This as will be apparentcausesthe head H to act as adash-pot, andretard or damp out quick movements of the piston. 7

.Although the piston has a close fit with the cylinder bore i l at itslower end, for the damping purposes described, the clearance spacev i5around the piston will be subjected to the main pressure; and thispressure will be communicated to the lower side of the sealing ring. 25,tending to further distort the ring and amplify the sealing action ofthe ring above described. The'greater the liquid pressure, the more willthe ring be distorted and the more tightly will the ring seal thecylinder and the piston, but at the same time, the greater the liquidpressure, the more force there is to move the piston; and vice versa. Itfollows that the sealing effect of the ring varies directly with thepressure which it seals, so that at all pressures there is the minimum,of effective friction drag or load of the ring-on the moving pistonwithin it. It will be observed that because of the pocket i8 under thering, the liquid pressure is communicated to the ring over a large areaon its underside for the pressureeffected' distortion purposes justmentioned.

In the form of my invention shown in Figs. 9

to 12 inclusive, some of the parts will be seen to be like those of thefirst described form .as

indicated by the use of the same reference characters therefor, andothers of the parts need not be described. The differences are asfollows. i

There is again a tubular cylinder ell rigidly supported coaXially in thebore 2 of the housing I by screw threads 4 on its lower end and a head9. A piston 48 of rod-like form reciprocatesin the cylinder bore 49 withclearance as atih.

In this form, a sealing ring 50 is provided adjacent the lower end ofthe piston. An annular groove is formed in the piston and the ringbfl ofrubber orlike compressible material is seated on the groove and while itis normally of circular radial cross section it is large enough in crosssection and in outside diameter to be somewhat distorted to engage thecylinder bore 9 and the sides of the groove with a leakproof pressure.

Upon the upper end of thepiston is secured. by press fitting, or bybrazing or the like, a head ii, to the sides of which are secured bysolder ingxtherethrough.

Ehe general. operation of this form is thesameving hangers 52 of sheetmetaL. these hangers :engagingand supporting aspring seat which may beconstructed and guided on the bore :wall zwasdescribed'ior a like springseat in Fig. 2.

the form of Fig, :9, the pipeth-readed extension-12 below the vhead 9isi-nterhally 'threaded andaplug 53 is screw threaded there-into and itis provided with asrna-ll drilled hole 54 extendas that of the form ofFig. 2, the principal differ ence being ;in the simplification oistructure eiiected by a different plunger and cylinder seal and :byad-ifierent means for damping out vibrations of the scale pointer 38which-nifty resul-tfrom fluctuations ofpressure in the liquid, now to bedescribed.

The-pressurecis communicated to the lowerend of. the piston. '48,through the small hole 54 and this alone effectively damps l out thepressure fluctuations. Thexhole 54 may be :a veryysmall drilled hole butto avoid difiicultiesin providinga veryosm all hole, a hole .54 of largesize is drilled, zand a wire 15.5, slightly :smaller in gage size thanthe :ga ge:size of ithehole =54 is projected into ,and beyond the holeand bent over at both ends to trap-it therein.

My ;-invention is :not limited inall respects rte-the details ofconstruction illustrated and described; butiincludes all changes andmodifications which icome within the scope .of the appended claims.

.I'clainr:

:1. a :gage .for indicatinghigh liquid-pres- ;sures; .a housing. havinga cylindrical bore therelingza central perforation larger than thetubular; 1 cylinder ithrough which 'theacylinder extends, :and

havingsan outer vperiphery loosely engaging the bore wall and thereby Vguidedifoy .axi'al movement in' the-bore; a;coil' springeextendinglongitudinally 'of'lthe bore and abutting upon :the :seat'at ones.

endandupon a shoulder in the housing at the other-end; apressure-indicating scale i on the outside of the housing, and a scale:pointer movable thereover; the *bore wall having a longitudinalopeningtherethrough; and means acting through the opening communicating pistonmovement to-the pointer 2. In a gage 'for indicating highliquid-pressures; a housing havingacylindrical bore 'therein; anelongated tubular cylinder-extending into the bore and spaced fro-m *the'bore wall; means for communicating liquid pressure -to the outer end ofthe-cylinder; a rod-*like piston inthe cylinder; an annular sealing ringof rubber or like compressible material mounted on the cylinder wall-sand 'circumscribing the piston and sealing it with respect tothecylinder wall; a head connected to the innerend of th piston; ahanger secured at'its inner-end "to :the pistonhead, and extendinglongitudinally along the outside of the {tubular cylinder and out ofcontact therewith; andz-at its outer end supporting a transverse :spring.seat; thespri-ng seat having 'a central perforation larger than thetubular cylinder '8 anlouter periphery loosely engaging the bore Walland thereby guided for axial movement in the bore; a .coilspringextending longitudinally of the bore -andabutting upon the seat at oneend and the-bore wall having a longitudinal opening there- ;through; apressure indicating scale on the out- .side of the housing, and a scalepointer movable thereover and connected through the opening to thehanger.

3. In a sage for indicating high liquid-pressures; a housing having .acylindrical bore therein; an elongated tubular cylinder extending intothe .bore and spaced from the bore wall; means for communicating liquidpressure to the outer end of thecylinder; a rod-like pistongmovable inthe cylinder; a head connected to the inner end of the piston; a sheetmetal hanger extending longitudinally along the outside of the tubularcylinder and out of cont-act therewith, and at its inner end, secured to.the piston head and being movable with the piston; a transverse springseat having a central perforation larger than the tubular cylinderthrough which the cylinder extends, and-having a peripheral portionengaging the bore wall andthereby guided for axial movement in the bore;the inner end of the hanger passing throughihe seat perforation andunder the seat and supporting it; a coil spring extendi-nglongitudinally of the bore and abutting at one end on-the seat and atthe other on a shoulderin the housing; the bore Wall having alongitudinalopening therethrough; a pressure indicating scale on theoutside of the housing; a pointer movable .over the scale; meanscommunicatin movement of the hanger through the opening to the pointer.

4. In .a gage for indicating high liquid-pressures; ahousing having acylindrical bore therein; an elongated tubular cylinder extending intothe bore and spaced from the bore wall; means for communicating liquidpressure to the outer end of:the cylinder; a rod-like piston in thecylinder; a head connected to "the inner end of the piston; a hangersecured at its inner end to the I pistons-head and movable-therewith,and-extendthe spring seat having a central perforation larger than thetubular cylinder ,through which the cylinder extends, and having anouter pecriphery'loosely engaging the bore Wall and thereby guided {oraxial movement in the bore; a coil spring:extendinglongitudinally of thebore and abutting upon-the seat at one end and upon a :Shoulder in thehousing @at the other end; the

bore Wall having a longitudinal-opening therethroug-h; .a pressureindicating scale on the outside of thehousing, and-a scale pointermovable ithereover and means acting through the opening andcommunicating piston movement to the pointer; the :pointer'comprisi-ng'a body having an edge portion between spaced apart facesand having a slot in the edgeportionbetween-the faces.

.5. In a gage for indicating high liquid-pressures; ,a housing having acylindrical bore there- !in; ,;an-elongated tubular {cylinder extendinginto the,bore.;-andspaced frem the bore wall; means for communicatingliquid pressure to the outer end of the cylinder; {a :rod-llike pistonin the cylinder; the cylinder -wall having an annular :recess therein; a:ring of rubber or like compressible material: in-the :recess andco-nstrictingly 'thmugh which the cylinderextends, and having a (5'gripping the piston; and the ring sealing the piston with respect to thecylinder wall; a head connected to the inner end of the piston; a hangersecured at its inner end to the piston head, and movable therewith, andextending longitudinally alon the outside of the tubular cylinder andout of contact therewith; and at its outer end supporting a transversespring seat; the spring seat having a central perforation larger thanthe tubular cylinder through which the cylinder extends, and having anouter periphery loosely engaging the bore wall and thereby guided foraxial movement in the bore; a coil spring extending longitudinally ofthe bore and abutting upon the seat at one end and upon a shoulder inthe housin at the other end; the bore wall having a longitudinal openingtherethrough; a pressure indicating scale on the outside of the housing,and a, scale pointer movable thereover and means acting through theopening communicating piston movement to the pointer.

6. In a gage for indicating high liquid-pressures; a housing having acylindrical bore therein; an elongated tubular cylinder extending intothe bore and spaced from the bore wall; means for communicatin liquidpressure to the outer end of the cylinder; a rod-like piston in thecylinder; the cylinder wall having an annular recess therein,circumscribing the piston; a ring of rubber or like compressiblematerial in the recess and engaging the cylinder wall and sealing thepiston with respect to the cylinder wall; a head connected to the innerend of the piston; a hanger secured at its inner end to the piston head,and extending longitudinally along the outside of the tubular cylinderand out of contact therewith; and at itsouter end supporting atransverse spring seat; the spring seat having a central perforationlarger than the tubular cylinder through which the cylinder extends, andhaving an outer periphery loosely engaging the bore wall and therebyguided for axial movement in the bore; a coilspring extendinglongitudinally of the bore and abutting upon the seat at one end andupon a shoulder in the housing at the other end; the bore wall having alongitudinal opening therethrough; a pressure indicating scale on theoutside of the housing, and a scale pointer movable thereover and meansactin through the opening communicating piston movement to the pointer.

7. In a gage for indicating high liquid-pressures; a housing having acylindrical bore therein; an elongated tubular cylinder extending intothe bore and spaced from the bore wall; means for communicating liquidpressure to the outer end of the cylinder; a rod-like piston in thecylinder; an annular sealing ring of rubber or like compressiblematerial mounted on the cylinder walls and circumscribing the piston andsealing it with respect to the cylinder wall; a head connected to theinner end of the piston; a hanger secured at its inner end to the pistonhead, and extendin longitudinally along the outside of the tubularcylinder and out of contact therewith; and at its outer end supporting atransverse spring seat; the spring seat having a central perforationlarger than the tubular cylinder through which the cylinder extends, andhaving an outer periphery loosely engaging the bore wall and therebyguided for axial movement in the bore; a coil spring extendinglongitudinally of the bore and abutting upon the seat at one end andupon a shoulder in the housing at the other end; the bore wall having alongitudinal opening therethrough; a pressure indicating scale on theoutside of the housing, and a scale pointer movable thereover and meansacting through the opening communicating piston movement to the pointer;the main body of the rod-like piston fitting loosely in the cylinder,and at its outer end and within the cylinder provided with anenlarged-diameter substantially cylindrical portion.

DONALD C. GREEN.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file ofthis patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,279,078 Bowden Sept. 17, 19181,523,290 Rimailho Jan. 13, 1925 2,110,386 Williams Mar. 8, 1938 FOREIGNPATENTS Number Country Date 645,809 France July 3, 1928

